David Crockett Graham (, Ge Weihan) (21 March 1884 – 15 September 1961) was a polymath American Baptist Churches USA, American Baptist Minister (Christianity), minister and missionary, educator, author, archaeologist, anthropologist, naturalist and field collector in Szechuan Province, West China from 1911 to 1948. From 1921 to 1942, Graham collected and sent to the Smithsonian Institution nearly 400,000 zoological specimens, including more than 230 new species and 9 new genera, of which 29 were named after him (see #Species named after D.C. Graham, below). From 1932 to 1942 he was curator of the Museum of Art, Archaeology and Ethnology at the West China Union University, which still stands as part of Sichuan University, in Chengtu. There, he taught comparative religions at the Theological College, and archaeology and anthropology at the University. He wrote extensively and spent his retirement years, from 1950 to 1961, in Englewood, Colorado compiling his writings and research into three books that were published by the Smithsonian Institution. A fourth manuscript lay in the Whitman College and Northwest Archives until it was discovered by Hartmut Walravens, who edited it and published it in 2018. McKhann refers to Graham as "One of a handful of Western missionaries whose scientific work was respected by other scientists—and of even fewer scientists whose religious work was respected by other missionaries."

Early life and education

Graham was born in Green Forest, Arkansas on March 21, 1884 to William Edward Graham (20 February 1841 – 28 March 1904) and Elizabeth Belinda (Atchley) Graham (14 August 1844 – 28 August 1888). His family moved to Walla Walla, Washington when he was a small child, and he grew up there. When he was 4 years old, his mother died of Tuberculosis, TB, and his older sister Elmina Elizabeth Graham (13 August 1876 – 4 July 1962), who had just turned 12, raised him. Elmina was a strong believer in education and supported David through his educationPersonal communication from Harriet-Jane Graham Hoogendyk (she herself received a B.A. from Whitman College, 1908, an M.A. from University of Washington, 1921, and became an Associate Professor and Dean of Kansas State Teachers College). Graham entered Whitman College in 1904 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1908. He then entered Rochester Theological Seminary where he studied under and was influenced by Walter Rauschenbusch. He completed his studies for the Bachelor of Divinity in 1911. Graham was ordained at the First Baptist Church of Fairport, First Baptist Church in Fairport, New York, joined the International Ministries (organization), American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, and sailed for China in September 1911 with his wife Alicia Morey Graham (whom he had married in 1910). He spent the next 37 years in China with periodic returns to the U.S. on furlough to further his education. On his return from 1918 to 1919, he entered the School of Divinity at the University of Chicago and completed a Master of Arts. His thesis reflected his growing interest in the Chinese and their religions and was influenced by Eustace Haydon who was head of the Department of Comparative Religions. It was also during this trip that he began correspondence with, and then visited, the United States National Museum. There he received training and made arrangements to collect natural history specimens for them. Graham returned to the U.S. again from 1926 to 1927 to complete a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. This time his dissertation reflected his ongoing research and studies in China and was subsequently published by the Smithsonian Institution. Graham returned to the U.S. again at the end of 1930. He spent 1931 studying archaeology with Fay-Cooper Cole at the University of Chicago and in the same year received an honorary Doctor of Science from Whitman College. He then went on to Harvard University, where he studied anthropology and archaeology theory under Alfred Tozzer and Earnest Hooton as well as linguistics under Roland Burrage Dixon, R.B. Dixon. On his return to China in September, 1932, Graham moved from Yibin, Suifu to Chengtu and joined the faculty of the West China Union University. There he taught anthropology and archaeology and served as curator of the Museum of Archaeology, Art, and Ethnology where he taught until his retirement in 1948. He also taught comparative religions at the Theological Seminary.

China, 1911-1948

The years that Graham was in Republic of China (1912-1949), China, 1911-1948, were marked by instability and turbulence. They began with the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 (see Xinhai Revolution) while Graham was in transit from the United States and ended with the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War, Chinese Communist Revolution, which concluded less than a year after Graham retired and returned to the United States. Sichuan, Szechwan Province in West China was remote from the central government (normally in Nanking), and required a two-month trip up the Yangtze River to reach Yibin, Suifu. The Western Provinces were ruled by warlords and were rife with bandits in the countryside. There were revolts in the West when Yuan Shikai declared himself emperor in 1915, and Yunnan, Yunnan Province invaded Szechwan. Suifu (where Graham was stationed) is on the Yangtze river near the border of Yunnan and was occupied by Yunnan troops. Throughout most of this period of time, there were conflicts with the Japanese. The Japanese declared war on Germany early in World War I and had a large contingent in Versailles to participate in treaty negotiations. The resulting Treaty of Versailles in 1919 awarded Germany's holdings in the Pacific, North of the equator, including Shandong, China, to Japan. This led to outrage among the Chinese and to the May Fourth Movement protesting imperialism and instigating violence against westerners. The 1920s was an ongoing period of instability and warlordism. Both Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shikai died. Chiang Kai-shek consolidated power through the Northern Expedition against warlords in 1926 to 1928, but never really controlled all of China. The Nanking incident of 1927, Nanking Incident in 1927 again demonstrated Chinese hostility toward imperialist powers. The Chinese Civil War, Chinese Communist Revolution was underway in the late 1920s, and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931. Both of these hostilities continued, and Japan declared all out Second Sino-Japanese War, war on China in 1937. The Chinese Nationalist government was relocated to Chungking in Szechwan Province, and many students and faculty evacuated from Eastern Universities were relocated to Chengdu, where Graham was from 1932 to 1948. Chengdu itself was bombed by the Japanese as early as 1938. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was engaged in military action in Xinjiang. Around 1942, Japan had taken over Mainland Southeast Asia, Indo-China and Myanmar, Burma, completely cutting off western China, except for flights over the Himalayas. As World War II was coming to a close, the Soviet Union invaded Manchuria. In the aftermath of the War, Chiang Kai-shek was severely weakened, the Chinese economy was ruined, inflation was rampant, and the Communist Revolution was gaining strength. The era of the Republic of China ended on the mainland, and the era of the People's Republic of China began in 1949. During the years that Graham was in China, there were numerous incidents in which foreigners, and sometimes missionaries or Christians in particular, were the targets of violence. The May Fourth Movement and the Nanking incident of 1927, Nanking Incident were prominent examples (the Boxer Rebellion antedated his time in China). The Communist's animosity toward Christianity also resulted in killings (see for example, Murders of John and Betty Stam). Graham himself was held captive by Communist troops in 1933, but managed to talk his way out. There was also widespread violence in the countryside by bandits and brigands. Graham typically had to hire military guards on his field trips and nevertheless had many narrow escapes.

Ministry and mission

Graham came from humble and difficult beginnings, but also from a long line of devout Christians with many Baptist ministers among his forebears. He was active in the Baptist Church as a young person and, while he was an undergraduate at Whitman College, decided to become a missionary. He then attended Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School, Rochester Theological Seminary where he was influenced by Walter Rauschenbusch. His mission in life was that of a Christian humanism, Christian humanist. He was determined not just to spread the word of God, but to help others wherever possible. While missionary work was the reason Graham went to China, it is the least well documented of the many facets of his contributions. There are some letters published in the Fairport County Mail, and there are some references from authors who had access to his unpublished memoirs. 1911-1918 Graham spent a year in the western districts of Shaoshing learning the language and customs of China. He was then assigned to Suifu, a two-month journey up the Yangtze River, where he was stationed until 1918. During this time, because of his heroic actions in the field of fire, treating wounded soldiers and negotiating for peace, he was awarded both the Red Cross Medal by the Chinese Red Cross and a Decoration of the First Order for Bravery by the Governor of Yunnan Province. Second term in Suifu 1919-1926 Third term in Suifu alone 1927-1931 First term in Chengtu 1932-1939 Second term in Chengtu 1940-1948 (year in Washington state) In his retirement years (1950–1961) in Englewood, Colorado, Graham was a member of the First Baptist Church of Denver and was a leader in the Social Action Committee. Among other things, he was one of the first to encourage exchanges between the black and white Churches of Denver. Later on, Graham worked with William Reginald Morse to pool donations together for the medical anthropology at the Peabody.

Chinese Name

Graham was given the Chinese name (simplified Chinese: , Wade-Giles: Kê Wei-han, pinyin: Ge Weihan), which is a translation of Graham. However, there are a number of different ways Graham could have been translated. The specific choice of a Chinese name is influenced by the additional meanings of the symbols. In this case, wiktionary:維, 維 with wiktionary:漢, 漢 has the meaning: Protector of the Han, or Protector of the Chinese People. While there doesn't appear to be any record of the origin of this choice, it seems to fit with his first term in Suifu and his humanitarian efforts during the civil war between Yunnan and Szechwan, for which he received the Red Cross Medal from the Chinese Red Cross and later (in 1920) received a decoration of the first order from the governor of Yunnan for bravery.

Natural history collections

Graham first made formal arrangements with the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) at the Smithsonian on his furlough to the U.S. during 1918 and 1919. While in China, from then until 1938, he spent his vacations and summers traveling and collecting zoological specimens for the Smithsonian. Graham's diaries of these trips have been included in the Smithsonian Transcription Project and can be viewed online. They are also available in print, edited and published by Hartmut Walravens.

Anthropology, ethnology, and archaeology

By 1930, Graham’s interest in archaeology had been growing for years, as indicated by a 1926 article in support of the West China Union University (WCUU) Museum and publications on the ancient caves of Sichuan Province. In early 1931, Graham left Suifu (Yibin) to return to the U.S. on furlough, in preparation for taking the position of Director of the WCUU Museum in Chengdu. He spent 1931 and 1932 in postgraduate studies in Anthropology and Archaeology (see David Crockett Graham#Early life and education, Early life and education). On his return to Sichuan in early 1933, Graham moved to Chengdu and began organizing and cataloging the stored holdings of the museum. His attention was drawn to a collection of Jade pieces contributed to the museum by a British missionary, Vyvyan Donnithorne, V.H. Donnithorne, in 1931. These were from Guanghan county where a farmer, Yan Daocheng, had discovered them while digging an irrigation ditch in 1927. Graham decided to investigate and headed up a team with the museum’s assistant curator, Lin Min-Juin, to undertake an archaeological excavation. This was the first archaeological excavation of what is now known as Sanxingdui. Graham’s preliminary report has since been republished in China both in Chinese and in English. Graham dated the site to 1100 BC and earlier, believed there was a clear link to the cultures of central and northern China, and concluded that there was likely much more to be found in this area. All of this was confirmed by archaeological work decades later. Unfortunately, Graham was unable to do any further excavation himself because of a national Administrative Yuan order in 1934 enforcing the Antiquities Preservation Law, restricting archaeological excavations in China and requiring collaboration with and financing of researchers from Academia Sinica. After that, Graham had to rely more on purchasing artifacts for the museum from antiquarian dealers, without the benefits of proper excavation.

Species named after D.C. Graham

D.C. Graham began collecting zoological specimens for the United States National Museum (the Smithsonian Institution) after 1919 and continued collecting in Szechuan Province and Tibet on his vacations and summers until he left China in 1948. Around the time of his death in 1961, several sources stated that Graham had collected nearly 400,000 specimens from which were identified over 230 new species and 9 new genera. Of those, 29 were named after him. While the number of specimens he collected remains fixed, the other numbers have changed over time. The specimens Graham collected are still being studied, and new species have been named at least as recently as 2009. The Smithsonian's digitized collection catalog, while by no means complete, is the best overall source. Specimens Graham collected are tagged "D.C. Graham." Entering that (in quotes) for the Smithsonian's search term currently (as of 14 December 2011) turns up 540 taxonomic type specimens of which 348 are holotypes. Careful searches turn up 60 species and a genus (''Grahamomyia bicellula'' Alexander, 1935) named after Graham. But even this is not up to date. Ahrens, in a review of the genus ''Serica'', found 4 new species among Graham's specimens and named one of them after Graham (species:Serica (Serica) grahami, ''Serica (Serica) grahami''). In a subsequent analysis, Ahrens named 4 more species of ''Serica'' based on Graham's specimens. These latter 4 have yet to show up in the Smithsonian collection catalog (access-date 14 December 2011). D.C. Graham collected primarily in Szechwan Province, around Suifu, Chengtu, and on trips to the Szechuan highlands, the West China borderlands, and into Tibet. There was a Rev. John Graham who collected at least from 1900 to 1920 primarily from Yunnan Province, with specimens cited as being from Yunnanfu and Wutingchow District. There are a number of species (particularly fish, some snakes and species:Rana grahami, ''Rana grahami'') that were named after John Graham. To say that a species is named after D.C. Graham, the type specimen should have been collected by him, from the areas he collected, during the dates he collected, and be in the Smithsonian. Otherwise, there should be an explicit statement in the publication in which it was named. There are also instances in which specimens are reclassified, resulting in changes in names. The following are ordered alphabetically by taxonomic classification. For example, Animalia Arthropoda comes before Animalia Chordata. Links to Wikispecies and to the Smithsonian should show full classification and references as well as historical synonyms resulting from reclassifications. DCGraham Serica grahami holotype

species:Heteropoda grahami, ''Heteropoda grahami'' Fox �
USNM #1153
br /> species:, Lycosa grahami''Lycosa grahami'' Fox �
USNM #1141
br /> species:Myrmarachne grahami, ''Myrmarachne grahami'' Fox �
USNM #1163
br /> species:Sigipinius grahami, ''Sigipinius grahami'' Hoffman �
USNM #2678
br /> species:Spirobolus grahami, ''Spirobolus grahami'' Keeton �
USNM #2540
br /> species:Stenothemus grahami', ''Stenothemus grahami'' Wittmer �
USNM #73893
br /> species:Carabus (Pagocarabus) grahamianus, ''Carabus (Pagocarabus) grahamianus'' Mandl, 1975 �
USNM #104316
br /> species:Cryptocephalus grahami, ''Cryptocephalus grahami'' Gressitt & Kimoto �
USNM #80000006
br /> species:Lilioceris grahami, ''Lilioceris grahami'' Gressitt & Kimoto �
USNM #69985
br /> species:Platycorynus grahami, ''Platycorynus grahami'' Gressitt & Kimoto �
USNM #69988
br /> species:Opilo grahami, ''Opilo grahami'' Chapin �
USNM #40245
br /> species:Byturodes grahami, ''Byturodes grahami'' Barber, 1941 �
USNM #55459
br /> species:Serica grahami, ''Serica grahami'' Ahrens, 2005 �
USNM
br /> species:Calliphora grahami, ''Calliphora grahami'' Aldrich, 1930 �
USNM #26865
br /> species:Conops grahami, ''Conops grahami'' Camras, 1960 �
USNM #64477
br /> species:Scaptomyza grahami, ''Scaptomyza grahami'' Hackman, 1959 �
USNM
br /> species:Lipoptena grahami, ''Lipoptena grahami'' Bequaert �
USNM
br /> species:Homoneura grahami, ''Homoneura grahami'' Malloch �
USNM #40346
br /> species:Ormosia grahami, ''Ormosia grahami'' Alexander, 1931 �
USNM #10403764
br /> species:Eriocera grahami, ''Eriocera grahami'' Alexander, 1927 �
USNM #40318
br /> species:Grahamomyia bicellula, ''Grahamomyia bicellula'' Alexander, 1935 �
USNM
br /> species:Limonia (Dicranomyia) grahamiana, ''Limonia (Dicranomyia) grahamiana'' Alexander, 1933 �
USNM #10404420
br /> species:Fannia grahami, ''Fannia grahami'' Chillcott, 1961 �
USNM #64541
br /> species:Euprosopia grahami, ''Euprosopia grahami'' Malloch �
USNM #43070
br /> species:Rhagio grahami, ''Rhagio grahami'' Malloch �
USNM #50571
br /> species:Tenthredomyia grahami, ''Tenthredomyia grahami'' Shannon �
USNM #27820
br /> species:Chrysomikia grahami, ''Chrysomikia grahami'' Villeneuve �
USNM
br /> species:Simoma grahami, ''Simoma grahami'' Aldrich �
USNM #28930
br /> species:Tipula (Vestiplex) grahami, ''Tipula (Vestiplex) grahami'' Alexander, 1933 �
USNM
br /> species:Philagra grahami, ''Philagra grahami'' Metcalf & Horton, 1934 �
USNM #70201876
br /> species:Bremus grahami, ''Bremus grahami'' Frison, 1933 �
USNM #50123
br /> species:Leptocimbex grahami, ''Leptocimbex grahami'' Malaise �
USNM #56325
br /> species:Sphecodes grahami, ''Sphecodes grahami'' Cockerell, 1922 �
USNM #24886
br /> species:Hemipepsis grahami, ''Hemipepsis grahami'' Wahis �
USNM #66812
br /> species:Psen affinis grahami, ''Psen affinis grahami'' Van Lith �
USNM #69074
br /> species:Siobla grahami, ''Siobla grahami'' Malaise �
USNM
br /> species:Tenthredo grahami, ''Tenthredo grahami'' Malaise �
USNM

species:Vespula grahami, ''Vespula grahami'' Yarrow �
USNM #67063
br /> species:Notodonta grahami, ''Notodonta grahami'' Schaus, 1928 �
USNM #33420
br /> species:Panorpa grahami, ''Panorpa grahami'' Carpenter, 1938 �
USNM #52860
br /> species:Chrysopa grahami, ''Chrysopa grahami'' Banks, 1940 �
USNM #5128
br /> species:Hemerobius grahami, ''Hemerobius grahami'' Banks, 1940 �
USNM #5148
br /> species:Agrion grahami, ''Agrion grahami'' Needham, 1930 �
USNM
br /> species:Xiphidiopsis grahami, ''Xiphidiopsis grahami'' Tinkham, 1942 �
USNM #3586
br /> species:Acroneuria grahamia, ''Acroneuria grahamia'' Wu & Claassen, 1934 �
USNM #55239
br /> species:Togoperla grahami, ''Togoperla grahami'' Banks, 1940 �
USNM #53139
br /> species:Agapetus grahami, ''Agapetus grahami'' Ross, 1956 �
USNM #71038
br /> species:Hydropsyche grahami, ''Hydropsyche grahami'' Banks, 1940 �
USNM #53165
br /> species:Pseudostenophylax fumosus grahami, ''Pseudostenophylax fumosus grahami'' Martynov, 1931 �
USNM #43160
br /> species:Rhyacophila grahami, ''Rhyacophila grahami'' Banks, 1940 �
USNM #53154
br /> species:Stenopsyche grahami, ''Stenopsyche grahami'' Martynov, 1931 �
USNM #43153
br /> species:Potamon (Potamon) grahami, ''Potamon (Potamon) grahami'' Rathbun, 1931 �
USNM #58755
br /> species:Microhyla butleri, ''Microhyla grahami'' (Stejneger, 1924) �
USNM #65936
br /> species:Cettia flavolivacea intricata, ''Antiornis grahami'' (Riley) �
USNM #303857
br /> species:Garrulax maesi grahami, ''Dryonastes grahami'' (Riley, 1922) �
USNM #257204
br /> species:Lepus oiostolus pallipes, ''Lepus grahami'' (Howell, 1928) �
USNM #239875
br /> species:Japalura grahami, ''Japalura grahami'' (Stejneger, 1924)Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("Graham, D.C.", p. 105). �
USNM #65500
br /> species:Melania (Plotiopsis) grahami, ''Melania (Plotiopsis) grahami'' Chen, 1937 �
USNM #467600
br /> species:Viviparus quadratus grahami, ''Viviparus quadratus grahami'' Chen, 1945 �
USNM #334007

Selected publications

Walravens listed 178 publications by David Crockett Graham. Following are just a select few. Two of the journals in which some of these were published are the Chinese Recorder (CR) and the Journal of the West China Border Research Society (JWCBRS). * * * * "The ancient caves of Szechuan province." CR 61:432-440 (1930). * "Religion in Szechuan Province." West China Missionary News, 1930 June, 20-23. * "The Lolo of Szechuan province, China." American Anthropologist, 32:703-705 (1930). * "Seven Lolo sacred books." Translated by D.C. Graham, CR 62:575-586 (1931). incl. 3 ill. of amulets. * "Bridge for becoming immortals." Translated by D.C. Graham, CR 63:171-177,226-237,301-307,372-382 (1932). * "Persistence of custom as illustrated in the collections of Han dynasty clay images in the West China Union University Museum." JWCBRS 6/34:105-106 (1933). 9 pl. * "A preliminary report of the Hanchow excavations." JWCBRS 6/34:114-131 (1933). 18 pl. * "A late neolithic culture in Szechwan province." JWCBRS 7:90-97 (1935). 1 pl. * "Historic notes on the P'o Jên (Beh Ren). The last group of the pre-Chinese Thai people to remain in Szechwan." JWCBRS 8:82-87 (1936). 3 pl. * "The hawk-cuckoo (hierococcyx sparveroides) in Chinese tradition and belief." [By] Lin Min Chuin (Translated by D.C. Graham) JWCBRS 8:145-152 (1936). * "Archaeology in West China." China Journal 26.1937:4,S.172-174, 8pp., ill. * "Excavation of a Han dynasty tomb at Chungking." JWCBRS 10:185-190 (1938) 25 ill. * "Temmoku porcelain in Szechwan province, China." Man 38:177-179 (1938). * "Anthropological research in West China." Man 39:130 (1939). [Graham was listed as local correspondent of the Royal Anthropological Society.] * "Biggest migration in the world in Chinese trek to the West. 40,000,000 people, including more than 30 universities and their students, in mass escape from invasion." Science news letter. 1939: Dez., 373. * "The greatest trek in human history." Missions 31.1940:4,p. 206-210. * "The religion of the Ch'uan Miao." The review of religion. March 1941,276-289. * "The Chengtu School for the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb." West China Missionary News 7/12:149-150 (1942). * "New species and genera from the collection of David Crockett Graham in the Smithsonian Institution." JWCBRS 15B:189-200 (1945). * “Jidujiao yu xiaoji wenti” 基督教与孝祭问题 [Christianity, Filal [sic] Piety and Ancestor Worship]. Translated by Chen Zongwen, 陈宗文译. The Christian Omnibook 基督教叢刊, 10:79-80 (1945). Chengtu: The United Christian Publishers. * “Qiangmin de zongjiao” 羌民的宗教 [The Religion of the Ch'iang]. Translated by Zhong Ji, 钟季译. The Christian Weekly 天风, 32:11 (1946). Chengtu: The United Christian Publishers. * "Qiangmin de fengsu he zongjiao" 羌民的风俗和宗教 [The Customs and Religion of the Ch'iang]. Translated by Xu Songshi 徐松石译. The Christian Weekly 天风周刊, 78:10-11 (1947). Shanghai: The United Christian Publishers. * "Songs and stories of the Ch'uan Miao." Washington: Smithsonian Institution 1954, XI,336 pp. (Smithsonian Institution. Publications. 4139.) * "A Lolo story: The greed god O-li-bi-zih by Lin Kuang-tien." Translated by D.C. Graham. Journal of American Folklore. 68:175-199 (1955). * "The customs and religion of the Ch'iang (with 16 plates)." Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution 1958. VII,114 pp., 16 pl. (Smithsonian Institution. Publication. 4300.) * "Folk Religion in Southwest China. (With 28 plates.)" Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution 1961. Viii,246 pp. (2nd pr. 1967.) (Smithsonian Institution Publication. 4457.) * "More Songs and Stories of the Ch'uan Miao." Edited by Hartmut Walravens. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2018. 329 pp. (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Bd. 112.) * 葛维汉在华西 ["David Crockett Graham in West China" - Autobiography]. Translated by Bian Simei 卞思梅 and Peng Wenbin 彭文斌. Chengdu: Tiandi Publishing House 天地出版社. 2022. 228pp.

Publications about

There have been a few notable publications about Graham in recent years. McKhann and Waxman; Kyong-McClain and Jing; and Walravens; have all been cited elsewhere in this article and appear below in the References section. Additional publications include: * * * *

References

External links

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Additional Resources

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, David Crockett 1884 births 1961 deaths American anthropology writers American curators Baptist missionaries from the United States Protestant missionaries in Sichuan American male non-fiction writers Baptist missionaries in China Whitman College alumni University of Chicago alumni Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni American expatriates in China 20th-century American anthropologists Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society Baptist Christianity in Sichuan